Lecture 12, 10/3, Classification, lab media

Listen to today's lecture here.

Sidenotes:
EXTRA CREDIT:

• Probiotics → are they useful in our health in keeping us healthy.
• 3-5 pages
• 3-5 references
• short paper with title page and abstract (summary of paper) in bold.
• due October 10 <-- NOTE THIS IS CHANGED (I had previously written the 18th and meant to write 10th)
  
• (yogurt is a probiotic)
• title page

OTHER NOTES:
• 8 pager needs a snappy title.
• Knipp surgery Oct 12
• Exam 2 will probably have more organisms on it
• Keep up to date on blackboard
• Uncle Julio’s on North and Clyborne is a good place to eat.

• Gram (+) cocci (Section 12)
• Leuconostac – associated with sauerkraut
• Spore forming rods (section 13)
• Bacillus and clostridium
• Section 14
• Lactobacillus – “good guy”
• Yogurt has lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus – Bulgarian butter milk
• Listeria monocytogenes – food poisening, “tough guy”, found in milk and milk products – unpastuerized cheese.
• Section 15
• Gardnerella
• Arthrobacter – found in soil
• Propioibacterium acnus – the little stuff that comes out of zits is propioinic acid.
• Swiss cheese – made by propioni bacteria named after shermini. Propioni sherminii
• Mycobacteria (section 16) – acid fast
• Tuberculosis
• Leprosea
• Section 18
• Cytophaga – communicate and build things together
• Beggiatoa – found on the bottom of the north branch. It is a a sulfer bacteria
• Section 19
• Chromatium – photosynthetic bacteria
• Rhodospirillum – red photosynthetic bacteria
• Rhodopseudomonas – red photosynthetic bacteria
• Chlorobium – green photosynthetic bacteria
• Methane producers CH4 (section 21)
• halophiles
• Extreme thermophiles
• Section 23
• Gliders – the whole colony moves on a slime. They also form fruiting bodies
• Nitrogen cycle organism (section 24)
• Sulfer cycle organisms
• Streptomyces (section 28)– soil organisms - major antibiotic producing genus
• Streptomyces erythreus – produces erythromyocin antibiotic
• Along with penicillin (mold genus)
• Prokaryota
• Eubacteria –
• true bacteria
• Chlamydia and coxiella – OIP
• Mycoplasmids – no cell wall
• Cyanobacter is split off because it has a eukaryotic type of photosynthesis
• Archae bacteria
• Page 5 of handout from 9/21 is important it summarizes a lot of different thingsthings
• Cultivation
• bacteria grow on cell free media. Ex. TSA agar
• Rickettsia, Chlamydia and viruses – they are OIP’s and need host cell. This can be done with fertile eggs or tissue culture like HELA cell culture – a human culture
• Size
• Bacteria – .5-3 um
• Rickettsia - 400nm (.4um). We can see them with our lab microscope
• Viruses – 150nm (.15um). cant see them in our lab
• Inclusion bodies – a bunch of viruses together – we can see these. Nigre bodies of rabies.
• Visibility
• Filterability
• does it go through a millipore filter?
• Mycoplasma makes it through because it has no cell wall.
• Rickettsia – non filterable except coxiella
• Viruses are all filterable
• Multiplication
• Viruses – complex, no cell wall, strictly host dependent
• Nucleic acids
• Viruses – DNA or RNA, one or the other
• Antibiotics
• Viruses are resistant to antibiotics – they have no cell wall
• Cell wall
• Muramic acid. NAM
• OIP
• Bacteria no. except neisseria, salmonella typhus (typhoid fever), mycobacterium tb,
• Synthesis of ATP
• E. coli gets 38 ATP whereas we get 36.
• Viruses can’t make ATP – they are host dependent
• Ribosomes
• Macromolecular synthesis
• Metabolism (chap 7 in text) Growth Nutrition and Metabolism
• Bacterial nutrition (handout from 10/1)
• In general bacteria is either grown in a liquid broth or a pitri dish (agar)
• All life requires a carbon source. Ex. Glucose
• DNA has a carbon backbone, so does RNA and proteins
  
• Get ATP from oxidation of glucose
• Nitrogen source
• Phosphate source – needed for ATP, DNA, RNA, cell membrane (phospholipids)
• Sulfer source – amino acids; mathyanine - AUG start codon.
• Trace elements – minerals; iron for hemoglobin. Cytochromes – electron transport proteins that form ATP have a central molecule made of iron. Low iron=no energy. Iron deficiency – anemia.
• Magnesium – enzymatic co-factor. Enzymes can’t function without it.
• Media – 2 major groups
• Chemically defined media – we know everything that is in it and the quantities
• Gives a look inside nutrition
• M-9 media
• E. coli grows in M-9 media
• Glucose – provides energy
• Ammonium acid phosphate – provides a phosphate source
• Dipotassium phosphate – forms buffer (buffers maintain pH). Most organisms use a phosphate buffer.
• Magnesium Sulfate – trace minerals
• Sodium Chloride
• Water
• Non chemically defined – a.k.a. complex media