Lecture 12, 10/3, Classification, lab media

Listen to today's lecture here.

Sidenotes:
EXTRA CREDIT:

• Probiotics → are they useful in our health in keeping us healthy.
• 3-5 pages
• 3-5 references
• short paper with title page and abstract (summary of paper) in bold.
• due October 10 <-- NOTE THIS IS CHANGED (I had previously written the 18th and meant to write 10th)
  
• (yogurt is a probiotic)
• title page

OTHER NOTES:
• 8 pager needs a snappy title.
• Knipp surgery Oct 12
• Exam 2 will probably have more organisms on it
• Keep up to date on blackboard
• Uncle Julio’s on North and Clyborne is a good place to eat.

• Gram (+) cocci (Section 12)
• Leuconostac – associated with sauerkraut
• Spore forming rods (section 13)
• Bacillus and clostridium
• Section 14
• Lactobacillus – “good guy”
• Yogurt has lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus – Bulgarian butter milk
• Listeria monocytogenes – food poisening, “tough guy”, found in milk and milk products – unpastuerized cheese.
• Section 15
• Gardnerella
• Arthrobacter – found in soil
• Propioibacterium acnus – the little stuff that comes out of zits is propioinic acid.
• Swiss cheese – made by propioni bacteria named after shermini. Propioni sherminii
• Mycobacteria (section 16) – acid fast
• Tuberculosis
• Leprosea
• Section 18
• Cytophaga – communicate and build things together
• Beggiatoa – found on the bottom of the north branch. It is a a sulfer bacteria
• Section 19
• Chromatium – photosynthetic bacteria
• Rhodospirillum – red photosynthetic bacteria
• Rhodopseudomonas – red photosynthetic bacteria
• Chlorobium – green photosynthetic bacteria
• Methane producers CH4 (section 21)
• halophiles
• Extreme thermophiles
• Section 23
• Gliders – the whole colony moves on a slime. They also form fruiting bodies
• Nitrogen cycle organism (section 24)
• Sulfer cycle organisms
• Streptomyces (section 28)– soil organisms - major antibiotic producing genus
• Streptomyces erythreus – produces erythromyocin antibiotic
• Along with penicillin (mold genus)
• Prokaryota
• Eubacteria –
• true bacteria
• Chlamydia and coxiella – OIP
• Mycoplasmids – no cell wall
• Cyanobacter is split off because it has a eukaryotic type of photosynthesis
• Archae bacteria
• Page 5 of handout from 9/21 is important it summarizes a lot of different thingsthings
• Cultivation
• bacteria grow on cell free media. Ex. TSA agar
• Rickettsia, Chlamydia and viruses – they are OIP’s and need host cell. This can be done with fertile eggs or tissue culture like HELA cell culture – a human culture
• Size
• Bacteria – .5-3 um
• Rickettsia - 400nm (.4um). We can see them with our lab microscope
• Viruses – 150nm (.15um). cant see them in our lab
• Inclusion bodies – a bunch of viruses together – we can see these. Nigre bodies of rabies.
• Visibility
• Filterability
• does it go through a millipore filter?
• Mycoplasma makes it through because it has no cell wall.
• Rickettsia – non filterable except coxiella
• Viruses are all filterable
• Multiplication
• Viruses – complex, no cell wall, strictly host dependent
• Nucleic acids
• Viruses – DNA or RNA, one or the other
• Antibiotics
• Viruses are resistant to antibiotics – they have no cell wall
• Cell wall
• Muramic acid. NAM
• OIP
• Bacteria no. except neisseria, salmonella typhus (typhoid fever), mycobacterium tb,
• Synthesis of ATP
• E. coli gets 38 ATP whereas we get 36.
• Viruses can’t make ATP – they are host dependent
• Ribosomes
• Macromolecular synthesis
• Metabolism (chap 7 in text) Growth Nutrition and Metabolism
• Bacterial nutrition (handout from 10/1)
• In general bacteria is either grown in a liquid broth or a pitri dish (agar)
• All life requires a carbon source. Ex. Glucose
• DNA has a carbon backbone, so does RNA and proteins
  
• Get ATP from oxidation of glucose
• Nitrogen source
• Phosphate source – needed for ATP, DNA, RNA, cell membrane (phospholipids)
• Sulfer source – amino acids; mathyanine - AUG start codon.
• Trace elements – minerals; iron for hemoglobin. Cytochromes – electron transport proteins that form ATP have a central molecule made of iron. Low iron=no energy. Iron deficiency – anemia.
• Magnesium – enzymatic co-factor. Enzymes can’t function without it.
• Media – 2 major groups
• Chemically defined media – we know everything that is in it and the quantities
• Gives a look inside nutrition
• M-9 media
• E. coli grows in M-9 media
• Glucose – provides energy
• Ammonium acid phosphate – provides a phosphate source
• Dipotassium phosphate – forms buffer (buffers maintain pH). Most organisms use a phosphate buffer.
• Magnesium Sulfate – trace minerals
• Sodium Chloride
• Water
• Non chemically defined – a.k.a. complex media

Lecture 11, 10/1; Lab Media, Classification

Listen to today's lecture here.

• Microbes in the news
• Ebola – sweeping through the Congo
• Naegleria fowleri – its in the news. Usually diagnosed in autopsies. It is a brain eating amoeba. On protozoan sheet.
• Dengue Fever -Sweeping through the Caribbean. It is viral and has a mosquito vector
• • Media (more info on handout from 10-1)
• Blood Agar – for fastidious organisms, for those that require a lot of nutrients
• MacConkey agar – for gram (-) rods. E. coli grows on it well.
• Eosin methylene blue – for gram negative rods. Gram (-) rods are the hard ones to identify. That is why there is different media used to identify them.
• SS agar – used to grow the big gram (-) enteric pathogens.
• Triple sugar iron agar – another medium for gram (-), good for differentiation of gram (-) organisms
• Mannitol salt agar – good for telling the two staph’s apart. Staphylococcus aureus medium. This organism is the one that Causes zits, food poisoning, pnemoniae, toxic shock syndrome, and the resistant strain MRSA.
• Litmus milk – used a little bit in the lab.
• • Growth curve (diagram on hadout from 10-1)
• “Ya better know it”
• • Generation times (more info on handout from 10-1)
• E. coli → fast, ideal for genetic engineering
• • 3 generations/hr
• Kochs bacillus (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) is a slow grower. Hits the AIDS patients.
• Yeast buds every two hours
• • Classification Sheet (handed out 9/21)
• Know the archae’s
• Manual of Systematic Bacteriology by Bergey – “The Bacteriologist Bible” --- possible extra credit question?
• Gracilicutes
• • Prokaryotes with thin cell walls, implying a gram-negative type of cell wall
• Firmicutes
• • Prokaryotes with thick and strong skin, indicating a gram (+) type of cell wall
• Tenericutes
• • Prokaryotes of a pliable and soft naure, indicating the lack of a rigid wall.
• Mendosicutes
• • Prokaryotes with faulty cell walls, suggesting the lack of conventional peptidoglycan.
• Aerobic/microaerophilic, motile, helical/vibrioid gram (-) bacteria (Section 2)
• • spirilum volutans – we saw it in lab. Has flagella at both ends. Usually free living.
• • Campylobacter jujunii – causes gastroenteritis. Upset stomach. It is a fecal organism. It has gull wings – two cells that come down. Strict oxygen requirements – microaerophilic.
• • Bdellovibrio – parasitic on e. coli
• gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci (Section 4)
• • Psudemonas aeruginosa – Tough to treat. Blue green puss.
• • Zoogloea – sewage treatment
• • Azotobacter – nitrogen fixer
• • Rhizobium – nitrogen fixer, symbiotic with legumes
• • Agrobacterium – genetic engineering
• • Halobacterium – grows in high salt
• • Acetobacter – Pasteur discovered, makes vinegar (more and more popular)
• • Legionalla – picked up on air conditioners and cooling towers.
• • Neisseria – clap, meningitis
• • Morexella – found in toddlers and old folks that continually rub there eyes → pink eye
• • Brucella – bioterrorism agents. Found in cattle.
• • Bordetalla – whooping cough
• • Francisella – rabbit fever. Tularemia.
• Facultatively Anaerobic Gram (-) rods (Section 5)
• • Escherichia
• • Shigella
• • Salmonella
• • Citrobacter
• • Klebsiella – not quite as pathogenic as the others
• • Entrobacter – associated with plants
• • Erwinia – associated with plants
• • Proteus – they swarm (go across the plate)
• • Morganella – related to proteus
• • Yersinia – the plague
• • Vibrio cholera - used to be called Vibrio comma. Gives us problems in water.
• • Photobacterium – gives off light. Uses same system as fireflies. Oxygen dependent. Usually found in ocean waters. Uses an enzyme called luciferase (?sp.?)
• • Pastuerella multocida – more common than rabies. Get it from a bite.
• • Haemophalis influenzae - Doesn’t cause the flu, the flu is a virus. This had been considered to cause it but as it turns out Haemophalis influenza actually kicks you while you are down with the flu.
• • Chromabacterium - purple pigment
• • Gardnerella - causes vaginitis it is a bacterial vaginitis which is in contrast to yeast vaginitis which is in contrast to protozoan vaginitis (trich)
• Anaerobic Gram (-) straight, curved and helical rods (section 6)
• • Bacteroides
• • Fusobacterium – pointed ends like an arrowhead. Causes trench mouth; real bad breath.
• Section 7
• • sulfides
• The Rickettsia and Chlamydias (Section 9)
• • Rickettsia – obligate intracellular parasites – typically have insect vector
• • Coxiella – q fever, bioterrorism agent, burnetii
• • Chlamydia trachomatis – STD, eye infection
• Mycoplasmids (section 10) - causes walking pnemoniea
• • ureaplasma – causes Urinary Tract Infection
• Gram positive cocci (section 12)
• • Micrococcus luteus – yellow and harmless (nonpathogenic)
• • Staphylococcus epidermidis – safe to work with
• • Staphylococcus aureus – more dangerous
• • Streptococcus pyogenes
• • Streptococcus lactis – responsible for sour milk
• • Enterococcus faecalis - comes from poop, it can be resistant, VRE.