Lecture 1+2, 8/29+8/31, A Brief Survey of Microorganisms

•• Vibrio cholerae
Cholerae is associated with polluted water

•• The [P]prokaryotic (the simple one) and [E]eukaryotic microbes

• [P] The common bacteria
• •rods
• -baccilus subtilis - large rod
• -e. coli - small rod
• -vibrio cholerae - curved rod
• •cocci
• -stapholoccocus epidermidis
• -strepticoccus piogenes – round and in chain (strepto means chain)
• -acute laryngitis, strep throat
• -tough disease
• •very rare disease that causes you to lose limbs. Also called flesh eater disease. A strain of strepticaccus piogenies
• •related to the organism that causes strep sore throat. Lose 10000 old people a year who don’t get vaccinated with Pnemovax – protects against streptococcus pnemonia
• •organism that causes cavities is a strep. Streptococcus mutans.
• •Spiral (spirochete)
• -Borrelia burgdorferi – lyme disease
• •STD, one of the first ones known. Treponema pallidum. Causes syphilis. They use to call it blue nose disease, royalty had major problems with it in Europe.
• •Classical bacteria are 1-15 micrometers

••[P]The rickettsia/Chlamydia Group(smaller)

• •O.bligate I.ntracellular P.arasites
• -Hard to grow, you need a living cell to grow them
• •rikettsia are little tiny rods. About .2-.4 mircrometers
• •John denver’s disease – rickettsia rickettsia
• -Rickettsia is spread usually through a vector (like a tic)
• •Chlamydia is a cause of an STD
• -chlamydia trachomatis – comes out from the eye
• -HPV causes genital worts and certain strains cause cervical cancer. Guardisal prevents this.
• -Chlamydia is very complex, many shapes
• -To grow it in a lab you need living cells - It is very small

•• [P]The mycoplasma

• •hard to grow for different reason
• •mycoplasm pneumoniae – walking pneumoniae, the appropriate term is PAP – primary atypical pneumonia.
• •No cell wall, very delicate, extremely small
• •Mycoplasmids are the smallest cells in our world. About .1 micrometers
• •Very distinct – fried egg look

••[P]The cyanobacteria – used to be known as the blue green algea

• -prokaryotic, but have a eukaryotic type of photosynthesis
• -Anabaena azollae – provides oxygen due to the photosynthesis
• -they have a pigment
• -don’t have a true nucleus
• -some people eat cyanobacteria

••[P]The archaebacteria – the “old” bacteria

• •grow in stressful environments
• •three groups within the archaebacteria
• -called halo(meaning salt)philes - grow in high salt concentration (15-20%)
• -thermophytic acetophiles – high temperature and high acid
• -methane producers – CH4 a possible energy source. Common in sewage plants and garbage dumps

•• [E]The fungi (well defined nucleus and slightly larger than [P])

• •Yeasts – unicellular fungi, usually round. The simple fungi
• -Candida albicans – vaginitis, pathogenic
• •Molds – multicellular fungi, usually filamentous.
• -Saccharomyces cerevisiae
• -Get it from puppies - Microsporum canis

••The protozoa

• •Think about paramecium and pathogens. They range from about 2-200 micrometers
• •Montazoomas revenge – caused by Entamoeba histolytica
• •AIDS patience get this – Toxoplasma gondii – usually get it from a cat. Pregnant women are vulnerable in their first trimester

••The algae – 1micrometer –> meters

• •Produces lots of oxygen

••The acellular microbes

• •The viruses .01-.2 micrometers – discovered turn of the century
• -Simple. Nucleaic acid core. RNA or DNA but not both. RNA disease – HIV. DNA disease – oral herpes(herpes simplex).
• -Mono – EBV – Epstein Bar Virus
• •The viroids – found in 1971
• -A little piece of RNA
• -Plant disease not known to hurt humans
• •Prions –
• -Called scrappy
• -Slow developing neurological disease
• -Caused by little piece of protein
• -Mad cow disease
• -CJD