Final - the end!

We had the final for Microbiology today! IT is finished, we've made it to the end. I hope this sight has been helpful to all those trying to make the grade. For those of you that are taking Microbiology in the future here are my tips to you.

• Review often (ideally after each class)
  
• Answer the questions on the lab demo's right after the lab, if at all possible.
• Do all the extra credit.
  

If anyone else who has taken the Microbiology class with Knipp wants to leave any tips feel free to give some advice in the comments!

Lecture 34, 12/7; Purification

Audio available here.

5 groups. On the test Mon. About 80 diseases that we are going to need to classify
Final – 140 questions and an essay. 150pts

• • “Immunology” handout
• o immunodeficiency – cant respond to the antigen. Burton’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, SCID (sever combined immunodeficiency disease) – food must be autoclaved.
• o Secondaray immunodeficiency diseases
• • AID’s
• o From ummunoppressive agents
• • Irradiation
• • Severe burns
• o Auto-immune diseases - Respond to your own antigens
• • Systemic Lupus Eritomas (SLE) – lupus. You respond to some of your own antigens
• • Rheumatoid arthritis
• • Type I, Type II diabetes
• • MS
• • Rheumatic fever
• • Interleukin-2 (lymphokine, T cell product, CD4 +’s)
• o 1 lymphokine affects b cells (responsible for antibody’s imunoglobulins). Helps with the proliferation of T cells.
• o NK’s – natural killers. They are immune surveillance. They go through the body looking for things such as cancer cells (which have unique antigens).
• • Type I hypersensitivity
• o Response to pollen is caused by IgE. It causes the degranulation of the mast cells.
• • Soil
• o Urea to ammonia by the organism protease (ammonification)
• o Nitrates – solid fertilizers
• o Nitrogen fixation – rhizobium and legumes (symbiotic)
• • Azotobacter and Klebsiella can do fix Nitrogen by themselves
• • Bacterial photosynthesis – don’t have to know it
• • Food poisoning and Water poisoning
• o Don’t see milk borne diseases due to pasturization
• o salmonella food poisoning
• o fecal organisms
• • enterococcus fecaelis
• • e coli
• o botulism – poorly canned foods
• • food intoxication
• o enterotoxin like staph aereus (fast acting food poisening)
• o Botulism – get it from homemade canning
• o Perfringens – associated with turkey
• o e. coli o157: H7
• • water purification
• o Aluminum Potassium Sulfate – a protein precipitate. Mix it up let it coagulate and take the water off the top. It is then run through a sand filter. Microorganisms like to attach to the sand. From there chlorine is added. In places where this filtration process is worse they tend to add more chlorine.
• • Sewage Treatment
• o Use organisms to break down organic to inorganic substances
• o aeration tanks
• • zoogloea ramigera
• o From the aeration tanks it is essentially the same process as water purification
• • Bacterial Food Poisoning
• o Staph aureus – custard and cream filled pastries and mayonnaise (projectile vomit)
• o Clostridium perfringens - reheated meat like turkey
• o Salmonella – poultry and eggs
• o Clostridium botulism – turns things black. The exotoxin of clostridium is heat labile
• • Exotoxins that are harmful
• o Tetnus
• o Salmonella typhi
• o Botulism
• o Neisserhea meningitidis

Lecture 33, 12/5; Immunology

Here is the audio for this day's lecture.

• Org group exam Dec. 10 8am
• Big Final Wed 7:30. Dec 12
• Portfolio due Friday Dec 14

• Flesh eating disease
• Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (p551 in text).
• • 4-s → staphylococcal scolded skin syndrome (p548 in text)
• staphylococcus aureus
• • gas gang green
• clostridium perfringens
• • Immunology – classification of antibodies (handout from 11/28 titled “Immunology”)
• IgG – most of the antibody is IgG. It comes from mom through placenta.
• IGM – the macro antibody. Very large. It is a pintomer (5 IgG’s). Notable because it is the first antibody formed. Soaks up a lot of antigen.
• IgA – a dimer, two monomers held together. Get it from mothers milk - colostrums. Coats GI tract of infant protecting from diarrhea. Also in other secretions such as saliva and urine. It is the secretory antibody.
• IgD, IgE – look like IgG. In smaller concentrations. Antibody usually on surface of B cells and helps it recognize antigens. IgE protective against parasitic diseases. It is associated with hypersensitivity. Anaphylactic shock (adverse reaction to penicillin).
• • Functional classes of antibodies (1st page of “Immunology” handout from 11/28)
• Opsonins - Antibodies that make the antigen more susceptible to phagocytosis.
• Antitoxins – antibodies that neutralize antitoxin toxins. We form them in response to a toxoid. Example – tetnus and diptheria. Shot lasts about 10 years
• • Chemical makeup of IgG – composed of four peptide chains. Two “h” chains. Twice the size of l chains. They are all held together by disulfide bonds. There is some CHO on the H chain. Divalent – two antigen binding sights. An IgM can bind 10, that is why it is one of the first ones produced → it soaks up the antigen and takes it out.
• • Fate of the foreign antigen (chart on p 5 of “Immunology” handout)
• Initial or Primary response - IgG
• Secondary or memory response or Anamnestic response.
• • T cells mature in the thymus. B cells come from bone marrow.
• • “The complex network …… defense mechanisms” (p2 from “Immunology” handout)
• plasma cell - When it differentiates it forms all the immunoglobulins. IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE.
• “T” helpers help b cells produce antibody’s. CD4 positives
• Multiple myeloma – too much antibody produced
• “T” killer. Virus antigen on outside of cell. T killer recognizes the viral antigen and kill the cell that is loaded with viruses.
• delayed hypersensitivity (another type of T cell) – poisen ivy, TB tests. T cells also produce lymphokines that modulate the immune response. Example of lymphokine is interferon. There are three types of interferon’s; alpha beta antivirul, gamma (modulates reactions), and interleukin (come from leucocytes). We have 65 interleukin produced by different cells.
• • VACCINES (p.7 of “Immunology” handout)
• guardisil
• rototeq – helps babies effected by diarrhea
• Related Organism
• • smallpox
• Killed Organisms – dead suspension of something like:
• • Cholera, whooping cough, polio (injectable. Discovered by Sulk), Influenza, rabies, typhoid fever, hepatitis A (havrix)
• Attenuated Organism – living organism that is a strain of a disesease that is not harmful. Developled by Pasteur.
• • MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), polio (oral), TB-BCG, Varivax (VZV)
• Acellular (parts of organism)
• • Capsule (HIB [Heamophilus Influenza Type b]
• • Pneumovax - capsule of strep pneumonae
• • Pili - whooping cough, purtussis.
• Recombanant
• • Hep. B. - Heptavax/Engerix
• Toxoids
• • Diphtheria, tetanus
• • Havrix – hepatitis A vaccine, inactivated (p8 of “Immunology” handout)
• • Immunodefiency diseases
• AIDs
• A gamma globulin anemia – b cell defect. Cant produce any antibody.
  
• T cell defect – if your thymus doesn’t grow. Digeorges syndrome (???not sure??)
  
• Severe combined immuno deficiency – b cell and t cell defects. SCID – bubble boy syndrome

Lecture 32, 12/3; Viruses, Immunology

Here is the audio.

• • Medically important human viruses
• • HSV-1, HSV-2 → herpes, oral and genital
• • RSV → respiratory sincicial virus. Mom can give it to the baby.
• • EBV → mono and burkettes lymphona
• • VZV → chicken pox and shingles
• • HPV → human papiloma virus. Causes warts. Some strains are associated with cervical cancer. (this is why Guardisil is popular)
• • Adenovirus → upper respiratory infections, not a cold
• • HAV → Hep A virus. Fecal/oral → contaminated water/food. There is a vaccine for it.
• • HBV → Hep B virus. Blood borne or semen. Linked with liver cancer. There is a vaccine for it.
• • HCV → Hep C virus. Similar transimission to Hep B. Used to be called transfusion disease. No vaccine.
• • Rotavirus → severe diarrhea in babies and toddlers. Rotateq combats this disease.
• • Rubella virus → German measles
• • Variola virus → supposedly eradicated. Smallpox
• • Rabies virus → rabies. Bullet shaped virus. Most deadly.
• • Measles virus → MMR takes care of it
• • Influenza → old get vaccinated. Hypermutability – changes very quickly. This is why you need a flu shot every year.
• • Hantavirus - Navajo flu → Comes from little white mice.
• • CMV – Cytomegalo virus → Babies, toddlers, and AIDs patients are susceptible.
• • Rhinovirus → common cold, 120 different strains (that is why there is no vaccine).
• • Echo/Coxsackle viruses - Noro virus → Causes gastroenteritis. Cruise ship disease.
• • Mumps virus → can move to testicles in guys. MMR vaccine takes care of it.
• • St. Louis Encephalitis virus (SLE) → mosquito borne
• • West Nile → mosquito borne
• • HIV-1 and HIV-2 → takes out all T helper cells. Allows for opportunistic disease to come in.
• • HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 - human T cell lymphoma viruses → Can cause cancer.
• • AID’s related infections – sheet from handout showing diseases AID’s patients get with time.
• o Bacterial skin infections are one of the first things you see.
• o Thrush comes in (usually a good indicator of AID’s)
• o Severe athletes foot
• o PCP, histo, herpes, crypto
• • IMMUNOLOGY
• o Winter viruses are typically airborne
• • 1st line of defense – Mechanical factors
• o lysosymes – good against gram (+).
• o Organisms can’t go through the skin EXCEPT for rabbit fever
• o Mucus is sticky and holds organisms
• o Normal flora – prevent pathogens from colonizing
• • Second line of defense - Cellular factors
• o If disease comes into bloodstream white blood cells will come to do phagocytosis (discovered by Meintchnekoff). Interferon was initially up to 10,000$ a shot.
• o Inflammation – heat, redness, swelling, pain. This is the bodies way of localizing an infection.
• • Third line; antibody formation. Takes 10-14 days
• o Acquired immunity
• • Types of acquired immunity
• o Active immunity – we form the antibodies (long lasting)
• • Artificially acquired - vaccines
• Naturally acquired – infections
• • Acute or sub-acute
• o Passive immunity – someone else is forming the antibodies
• • Artificially acquired – HBIG
• • Immune globulin – immediate protection but does not last long (about a month). They are preformed antibodies.
• • Naturally acquired – HgG and IgA
• IgG is given from the mother to baby across the placenta. IgA is from mothers milk – it coats intestine of baby and prevents diarrhea in baby. Rototeq can cause this diarrhea.
• • Classes of antibodies
• o “Y” usually represents antibodies
• o IgG – the most important one, we have the most of this in our blood. 80-85% of all the antibodies we carry is IgG. Major protective antibody in blood. If you run into an antigen it is IgG that will probably attach to it. It is also the one that comes from mom to baby over placenta.

Lecture 31, 11/30; Vectors, Toxins

Here's the audio.

• Opening
o Monday – pass in AID’s Week reflection paper
o AID’s cases have been about 40 mil. For the first time AID’s has decreased.
o Autclave 121C, 15 psi, 15-30min
o Filtration
o Sab-dex=molds
o EMB, McKoncey – gram (-) rods
o 3:20 what azide does?
o Ent fecalis – always ferments – nothing oxidated
o 100 colonies on a plate → 10^5 → positive for UTI

• • Bacteria
• o Salmonella typhi – typhoid fever
• o Shigella dysenteriae - dysentarea
• o Vibrio cholerae - cholera
• o Campylobacter jejuni - gastroenteritis
• o Escherichia coli
• • protozoa
• o entamoeba histolytica – amoebic dysentary
• o giardia lamblia - giardiasis
• o cryptosporidium parvum - cryptosporidiosis
• • Viruses
• o Hepatitis A virus (HAV) – fecal, oral
• o Poliomyelitis virus (PMV) -
• o Coxsackie/Echo/Norwalk – Norro (cruis ship disease)
• • Bioremediation – pseudomonas
• • Sewage treatment – bacteria are involved here
• • Food poisoning
• • “Infectious Disease” handout – mode of transmission
• o Mode of Transmission
• o Contact infection – STD’s
• o Droplet infection
• o Phomites are inanimate objects.

• • Vectors

• o Insects that move the organism from one place to another. Ex. Flies, mechanical vector → cholera
• o Biological vectors – growth stage is in the vector. Lyme, malaria, west Nile.
• • Portal of entry
• o Elementary track
• o Mom → baby = vertical transfer. Ex. AID’s, psyphylis, genital herpes
• • If you’ve seen the antigen you’ve got antibodies.
• • Typhoid Mary – Salmonella typhi
• o Could have carried in gall bladder. Found in poop → no hand washing
• • Study pathogens from two standpoints: transmission, how does it cause the disease – virulence factors
• • Virulence factors – how do they cause disease
• o invading tissue – invasive factors OR
• o production of toxins – toxigenic factors
• • Capsule – inhibits phagocytosis
• o Strep pneumonae
• o Klebsiella pneumonae
• • Pillis
• o Neisseria gohnerrhea
• o Whooping cough – bordetella pertussis
• • Highly uronidase (the spreading factor) – sometimes its structure sometimes its enzyme or secretion. It is an enzyme that breaks down highly uronic acid (this is whats in tissue that holds cells together, if this is broken down the organism spreads through the tissue)
• o Usually think of staphs and streps
• • Coagulase – Coagulase positive → staph aureus.
• • Lukasiden – staphs and streps have a secretion that kills white cells. An accumulation of this dead white blood cells is puss.
• • Hemolysin – break down red blood cells. Alpha and Beta hemolysis can only be seen on blood agar. Alpha is incomplete, Beta is complete. Streptococcus pneumonae is an alpha. Strep pyogenes - complete hemolysis.
• • Toxins
• o Exotoxins – from some gram (+). More lethal.
• o Indotoxin – from gram (-)
• • High fever = gram (-) infection
• • Classical exotoxins
• o Corinii
• o Tetani
• o Botulinum
• • Staph aureus has an enterotoxin (under exotosin category). It affects the intestines. That enterotoxin is what causes staph food poisening.
• • Shigella dysentari (gram -) – has an endotoxin
• • Immunology
• o Resistance (much broader) vs immunity (specific antibodies for a disease)
• o Antigen – a substance, usually injected, producing protective proteins called antibodies. Vaccines are suspensions of antigens.
• o Immunoglobulin (Ig’s) – new name for antibodies (protective proteins that are formed in response to antigens).
• o An antigen has size - molecular weight of more than 10,000. It has to have chemical complexity. Proteins are very good antigens. Lipids → no . . . nucleic acids → no.
• o Lupus – your respond to your own DNA