Lecture 33, 12/5; Immunology

Here is the audio for this day's lecture.

• Org group exam Dec. 10 8am
• Big Final Wed 7:30. Dec 12
• Portfolio due Friday Dec 14

• Flesh eating disease
• Necrotizing fasciitis caused by Streptococcus pyogenes (p551 in text).
• • 4-s → staphylococcal scolded skin syndrome (p548 in text)
• staphylococcus aureus
• • gas gang green
• clostridium perfringens
• • Immunology – classification of antibodies (handout from 11/28 titled “Immunology”)
• IgG – most of the antibody is IgG. It comes from mom through placenta.
• IGM – the macro antibody. Very large. It is a pintomer (5 IgG’s). Notable because it is the first antibody formed. Soaks up a lot of antigen.
• IgA – a dimer, two monomers held together. Get it from mothers milk - colostrums. Coats GI tract of infant protecting from diarrhea. Also in other secretions such as saliva and urine. It is the secretory antibody.
• IgD, IgE – look like IgG. In smaller concentrations. Antibody usually on surface of B cells and helps it recognize antigens. IgE protective against parasitic diseases. It is associated with hypersensitivity. Anaphylactic shock (adverse reaction to penicillin).
• • Functional classes of antibodies (1st page of “Immunology” handout from 11/28)
• Opsonins - Antibodies that make the antigen more susceptible to phagocytosis.
• Antitoxins – antibodies that neutralize antitoxin toxins. We form them in response to a toxoid. Example – tetnus and diptheria. Shot lasts about 10 years
• • Chemical makeup of IgG – composed of four peptide chains. Two “h” chains. Twice the size of l chains. They are all held together by disulfide bonds. There is some CHO on the H chain. Divalent – two antigen binding sights. An IgM can bind 10, that is why it is one of the first ones produced → it soaks up the antigen and takes it out.
• • Fate of the foreign antigen (chart on p 5 of “Immunology” handout)
• Initial or Primary response - IgG
• Secondary or memory response or Anamnestic response.
• • T cells mature in the thymus. B cells come from bone marrow.
• • “The complex network …… defense mechanisms” (p2 from “Immunology” handout)
• plasma cell - When it differentiates it forms all the immunoglobulins. IgG, IgM, IgD, IgE.
• “T” helpers help b cells produce antibody’s. CD4 positives
• Multiple myeloma – too much antibody produced
• “T” killer. Virus antigen on outside of cell. T killer recognizes the viral antigen and kill the cell that is loaded with viruses.
• delayed hypersensitivity (another type of T cell) – poisen ivy, TB tests. T cells also produce lymphokines that modulate the immune response. Example of lymphokine is interferon. There are three types of interferon’s; alpha beta antivirul, gamma (modulates reactions), and interleukin (come from leucocytes). We have 65 interleukin produced by different cells.
• • VACCINES (p.7 of “Immunology” handout)
• guardisil
• rototeq – helps babies effected by diarrhea
• Related Organism
• • smallpox
• Killed Organisms – dead suspension of something like:
• • Cholera, whooping cough, polio (injectable. Discovered by Sulk), Influenza, rabies, typhoid fever, hepatitis A (havrix)
• Attenuated Organism – living organism that is a strain of a disesease that is not harmful. Developled by Pasteur.
• • MMR (measles, mumps, rubella), polio (oral), TB-BCG, Varivax (VZV)
• Acellular (parts of organism)
• • Capsule (HIB [Heamophilus Influenza Type b]
• • Pneumovax - capsule of strep pneumonae
• • Pili - whooping cough, purtussis.
• Recombanant
• • Hep. B. - Heptavax/Engerix
• Toxoids
• • Diphtheria, tetanus
• • Havrix – hepatitis A vaccine, inactivated (p8 of “Immunology” handout)
• • Immunodefiency diseases
• AIDs
• A gamma globulin anemia – b cell defect. Cant produce any antibody.
  
• T cell defect – if your thymus doesn’t grow. Digeorges syndrome (???not sure??)
  
• Severe combined immuno deficiency – b cell and t cell defects. SCID – bubble boy syndrome