Friday, December 7, 2007

Lecture 34, 12/7; Purification

Audio available here.

5 groups. On the test Mon. About 80 diseases that we are going to need to classify
Final – 140 questions and an essay. 150pts
  • • “Immunology” handout
    • o immunodeficiency – cant respond to the antigen. Burton’s disease, DiGeorge syndrome, SCID (sever combined immunodeficiency disease) – food must be autoclaved.
    • o Secondaray immunodeficiency diseases
      • • AID’s
    • o From ummunoppressive agents
      • • Irradiation
      • • Severe burns
    • o Auto-immune diseases - Respond to your own antigens
      • • Systemic Lupus Eritomas (SLE) – lupus. You respond to some of your own antigens
      • • Rheumatoid arthritis
      • • Type I, Type II diabetes
      • • MS
      • • Rheumatic fever
  • • Interleukin-2 (lymphokine, T cell product, CD4 +’s)
    • o 1 lymphokine affects b cells (responsible for antibody’s imunoglobulins). Helps with the proliferation of T cells.
    • o NK’s – natural killers. They are immune surveillance. They go through the body looking for things such as cancer cells (which have unique antigens).
  • • Type I hypersensitivity
    • o Response to pollen is caused by IgE. It causes the degranulation of the mast cells.
  • • Soil
    • o Urea to ammonia by the organism protease (ammonification)
    • o Nitrates – solid fertilizers
    • o Nitrogen fixation – rhizobium and legumes (symbiotic)
      • • Azotobacter and Klebsiella can do fix Nitrogen by themselves
  • • Bacterial photosynthesis – don’t have to know it
  • • Food poisoning and Water poisoning
    • o Don’t see milk borne diseases due to pasturization
    • o salmonella food poisoning
    • o fecal organisms
      • • enterococcus fecaelis
      • • e coli
    • o botulism – poorly canned foods
  • • food intoxication
    • o enterotoxin like staph aereus (fast acting food poisening)
    • o Botulism – get it from homemade canning
    • o Perfringens – associated with turkey
    • o e. coli o157: H7
  • • water purification
    • o Aluminum Potassium Sulfate – a protein precipitate. Mix it up let it coagulate and take the water off the top. It is then run through a sand filter. Microorganisms like to attach to the sand. From there chlorine is added. In places where this filtration process is worse they tend to add more chlorine.
  • • Sewage Treatment
    • o Use organisms to break down organic to inorganic substances
    • o aeration tanks
      • • zoogloea ramigera
    • o From the aeration tanks it is essentially the same process as water purification
  • • Bacterial Food Poisoning
    • o Staph aureus – custard and cream filled pastries and mayonnaise (projectile vomit)
    • o Clostridium perfringens - reheated meat like turkey
    • o Salmonella – poultry and eggs
    • o Clostridium botulism – turns things black. The exotoxin of clostridium is heat labile
  • • Exotoxins that are harmful
    • o Tetnus
    • o Salmonella typhi
    • o Botulism
    • o Neisserhea meningitidis

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